Your October wildlife gardening jobs

Plants for wildlife

Winter-flowering shrubs and climbers

Prepare for the colder months by planting winter-flowering shrubs and climbers. Although there are not many pollinating insects out and about in the winter, those that do venture abroad need to find food. Honeybees might leave the hive on warmer days, and though most bumblebee queens hibernate over winter, some buff-tailed bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) live in active colonies between December and February. During this period, winter-flowering plants provide much-needed pollen and nectar. Container-grown shrubs and climbers can be added to the garden now and bare-root specimens planted out from the end of the month.

Winter honeysuckle is one of the most fragrant of all shrubs at this time of year. We love Lonicera x purpusii ‘Winter Beauty’ whose creamy-white, sweet-scented flowers please the bees as much as they delight us. Wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox) is another fragrant bee-friendly shrub that flowers from December through to February. For evergreen structure, you could add an Oregon grape such as Mahonia x media ‘Winter Sun’ with its nectar-rich flowers from late autumn into winter, or Mahonia aquifolium to extend the flowering season into spring.

The best source of nectar in our garden once the autumn flowers die back is Clematis cirrhosa var. purpurascens ‘Freckles’. This winter beauty opens its nodding purple-flecked bells in November and keeps on producing flowers right through to early spring. Any bumblebees that visit our garden make a beeline straight for its hanging blooms. Other superb winter clematis include C. ‘Wisley Cream’, C. ‘Jingle Bells’ and C. cirrhosa var. balearica.

• Plants to help bees through winter into spring

Spring bulbs

Plant up pots of spring bulbs this month to provide pollen and nectar supplies after winter-flowering shrubs and climbers stop blooming. Crocuses are beacons for early bees and their purple, yellow and white flowers are a cheerful sign that winter is nearly over. Plant crocuses 8-10cm deep (ensuring the pointy tip of the corm faces upwards) in peat-free compost with plenty of added grit for drainage. Early spring-flowering species like Crocus tommasinianus flower in February and March, providing an important food source for emerging queen bumblebees. This early crocus looks great in containers and it’s also the best choice for naturalising in grass.

In late winter, when there’s little other colour in the garden, the jewelled hues of Iris reticulata sparkle in our green roof. We grow ever-popular I. ‘Harmony’ with its striking royal blue flowers, interspersed with the deep purple of I. ‘Pauline’. If you prefer softer tones, try I. ‘Katherine’s Gold’, pale blue I. ‘Alida’ or the icy white and blue flowers of I. ‘Frozen Planet’. These diminutive irises are perfect for shallow containers or the front of a rockery or gravel garden.

Grape hyacinths (Muscari armeniacum) flower a little later, in April and May. The conical blue spikes are a collection of tiny bell-shaped flowers rich in pollen and nectar. They attract short-tongued bumblebees and solitary bees like the hairy-footed flower bee. Like crocus and iris, grape hyacinths need a well-drained compost. They look beautiful in containers mixed with other spring bulbs such as daffodils and tulips. Growing them in pots also controls their tendency to spread a little too enthusiastically when planted in the garden.

Feeding wildlife

• Leave some windfall apples on the ground to provide food for wildlife. Late-flying butterflies like red admirals can sometimes be seen feeding on apples on sunny autumn days when nectar is becoming scarcer. Windfalls also attract winter thrushes such as redwings and fieldfares, which will be arriving from Scandinavia over the next few weeks.
• Hedgehogs are preparing to hibernate now, so keep providing food to help them build up enough fat reserves to last over winter. Kitten biscuits and meaty cat or dog food are all good sources of protein. Put out food after sunset and remove it as early as possible the following morning to avoid flies laying on it, as fly maggots can be harmful to hedgehogs. Don’t leave out bread, milk or mealworms as these foods can make them ill. Remember to provide water for hedgehogs too.

Creating and maintaining habitats

As more trees begin to lose their leaves, make the most of this free, natural resource. Sweep leaves from ponds, lawns and gravel areas into piles to create shelter for hedgehogs, frogs, toads, beetles and other invertebrates. A hedgehog beat us to it one year in our garden, gathering leaves to make a domed pile beside our French windows. It was a privilege to know we’d provided a good place for it to hibernate.

Any leftover leaves can be used for leaf mould. Collect deciduous foliage from shrubs and trees. Store in mesh bins made of chicken wire and make sure leaves are kept moist. If you don’t have room for leaf mould bins, you can still collect moist leaves in black bin bags with holes in the sides. Shred larger leaves such as horse chestnut and sycamore to help speed up decomposition before adding them to the pile.

Leaf mould is a fantastic resource to add to homemade seed sowing and potting compost once it is well-rotted (over two years old). Any that is less than two years old can be used as a moisture-retentive mulch on flowerbeds. Don’t collect leaves from woodland – leaf litter is an important natural habitat for wildlife and, as it decomposes, adds nutrients back into the soil.

Discover the best leaves for leaf mould and watch Monty's demonstration on collecting and storing leaves for leaf mould.

Look out for... galls

Often hiding on the underside of leaves or revealed on plant stems after leaf fall, these intriguing growths are usually home to tiny wasp or mite larvae. They come in the most wonderful array of shapes and sizes, from spheres to pincushions and protruding spikes. Most galls don’t harm the host plant. In fact, they play an important role in healthy ecosystems, providing food for birds in early spring before many caterpillars and larvae are available.

• Among the 70 species of oak galls in the UK, the marble gall is one of the most easily recognised. Made by the marble gall wasp (Andricus kollari), these hard spherical growths are often found in clusters on oak twigs. By the autumn, marble galls have matured to a woody brown colour, each with a tiny hole where the adult wasp has eaten its way out. These asexual wasps go on to lay the next generation in the buds of Turkey oak, creating insignificant galls from which the sexual generation of females and males will emerge next spring.
• If you see a scarlet explosion on dog rose or sweet briar stems in autumn, you’ve found a robin’s pin-cushion gall. Created by the wasp Diplolepis rosae, this hairy growth is rarely seen on cultivated garden roses. Unlike many other galls that just contain one grub, robin’s pin-cushions are home to many white larvae that feed on the plant and emerge as adult wasps from the gall in May. They do no harm to the rose and spotting these fiery galls is one of the many joys of autumn.
• Looking rather like miniature Cheerios, silk button galls are produced by another wasp species (Neuroterus numismalis) that uses oak as a host plant. The galls are still easily visible on the undersides of oak leaves in early to mid-autumn. Silk button gall wasps remain in the gall throughout winter, emerging from the leaf litter between February and April. The second generation forms less conspicuous blister galls on new oak leaves in spring.