How to grow swedes

Is swede a turnip?

A swede is not a turnip, but instead is believed to be a cross between a turnip and a type of wild cabbage. The term 'Swede' is short for 'Swedish turnip', thought to have been created in Sweden in the 17th century. Americans call swedes rutabaga, from the Swedish word ‘rotabbagge’ meaning baggy root. A turnip is generally smaller than a swede, with white flesh. Swedes also have a sweeter and stronger flavour, and cope better with frost. This makes them useful crops to harvest late in the year once other vegetables have finished.

How to grow swedes

Sow seeds from late spring or early summer, depending on how warm it is where you live. The soil will need to be warm enough to help the seeds germinate. You may want to add compost or well-rotted manure a few months before, or a general fertiliser. If it's too late to sow seeds, or you do not have the space, you can also buy small plug plants to put into the ground or pots. These are on sale in places like garden centres from late spring. Water often, especially during dry periods. Harvest from October onwards.

Where to grow swedes

Grow swedes in a sunny spot in moist but well-drained soil. While it’s easier to care for swede plants in the ground, those with limited space can use pots as an alternative. Use large pots and grow them outside. For the best results make sure the swedes don't dry out, and harvest when they are still young.

How to sow swede seeds

Grow swedes from seed for a wider range of varieties to choose from. They can be sown directly outdoors or started off indoors to get them growing earlier in the year.

1. Get the ground ready for sowing by weeding and raking, removing any large stones. Gently tread over the soil to firm it. Make small and gentle steps to firm in the soil, covering the area. Finally, ensure the sowing surface is level.
2. Use a trowel or even just your finger, drawn along the length of something straight, to create a drill for sowing the seeds into. Before you sow your seeds, push in reusable labels at each end of your line to allow you to locate your swedes later. Sticks can also be used as placeholders, until you have labels ready.
3. Water the drill gently and sow your seeds about 5cm apart. You'll later remove seedlings to create a space of about 20cm between plants.
4. Pinch the soil back over the seeds and firm it back down with your hands. Leave a space of about 30cm between your line of seeds and the next crop along, unless you are growing quick crops like salad. Quick crops can be sown, grown and harvested before the space is needed by main crops, making the most of your space.
5. Thin out weaker seedlings as they grow, or those too close together. You want to end up with plants about 20cm apart if growing to full size. Unwanted swede seedlings can be added to the compost heap, or washed and added to salads.

Sowing indoors

1. Fill your tray or pot with good quality peat-free multi-purpose compost and firm in, leaving a small gap at the top. For best results, sow into modular trays. This will make it easier to lift and transplant seedings, and reduces any root disturbance.
2. Sow your seeds thinly onto the compost and then cover with more compost. If possible, sieve this compost first to remove any large pieces.
3. Place the trays or pots in a sink of water or place on the ground outside and water from above with a watering can. Make sure you have an upturned fine rose attachment on your watering can to soften the water coming out. To further ensure you don't disturb your seeds, start by watering the ground next to the pot or tray. Then sway the watering can back and forth over the tray, providing an even watering.
4. Let the pots or trays drain out and then place on a sunny windowsill or in a greenhouse. Speed up germination by covering the pots or trays with a propagator lid or reused clear plastic. This will increase humidity levels and make the seeds less likely to dry out before they can germinate. If on a windowsill, encourage straight growth by turning the tray or pot every few days, otherwise the seedlings may grow lop-sided, seeking out light that consistently comes from just one direction.
5. Once seedlings are large enough to handle, remove the unwanted ones first. These will be smaller and thinner – you want to keep your strongest candidates growing. Harden off the plants for about a week before planting outdoors. You can either move the plants into a cold frame or put them outside during warm days, bringing them back in at night. If you are removing a propagator lid, do this gradually over a few days to avoid shocking your seedlings. Plant the seedlings out before the main root (tap root) develops. This way you will avoid disturbing future growth.

How to care for swedes

To care for swedes until they are ready to harvest, remove any weeds by hand or hoe gently around the plant. Trim back badly damaged leaves, but don't remove too many as the plant needs these to develop well. Keep the soil moist by watering regularly, otherwise you could end up with woody, bitter-tasting swedes. This will also help prevent problems such as powdery mildew.

Consider using grey water from your washing up to reduce mains water usage. You can also install drip irrigation at ground level, on a timer, to minimise water loss. Keep an eye out for slugs and snails, especially while plants are at the seedling stage. Carry out night time checks, especially after wet weather to remove slugs and snails.

Mulch around the plants to help keep soil moist, prevent weeds and slowly feed your crop. Use compost or well-rotted manure, spreading it about 5cm deep. Keep the mulch away from the base of the plants to prevent rotting. For best results, mulch after heavy rain. Mulching in dry weather can prevent water getting to the plants as it gets locked into the mulch on top. If plants do get too dry they may ‘bolt’ (produce flowers and seeds), which will make the root taste bitter. If they do bolt, consider leaving them in the ground. The flowers will provide food for bees and other insects.

How to harvest swedes

Harvest swedes as baby veg or leave them to grow and crop from autumn onwards. If you want to grow large swedes, look out for varieties that are more resistant to becoming bitter and woody. To enjoy as baby veg, especially if grown in pots, harvest once the roots are about 5-15cm in diameter. Otherwise they can stay in the ground until needed, coping with most frost. Harvest by gently pushing a garden fork into the soil and lifting the whole plant out. Remove the soil and top growth, and bring into the house or store in pots of compost in a frost-free location such as a shed.

The roots will usually store best left in the ground until the end of the year, so harvest only as required.

How to cook swedes

Use swedes to create a range of dishes such as mash, neeps, soups and gnocchi. For Christmas, you can even glaze and roast a swede to serve instead of a ham. Once washed, peeled and chopped, freeze any extra swede chunks left over or to keep for later. Place in a bag or container once prepared in peeled chunks to keep for a later date.

How to prepare for cooking or freezing

1. Cut off the thin root and any top growth, and wash each swede
2. Chop in half with a large knife, and use a potato peeler to remove the skin
3. Place the flat side of each half down on a chopping board and chop into similarly size chunks

On Burns night (25 January) impress friends and family with your own homemade accompaniment to haggis. Cut into similarly sized chunks, boil and then roast with boiled potatoes. Mash together and add cream and butter to taste.

Pests and diseases

If the roots have split, or have a woody and bitter taste, it's likely that the plants dried out in the ground. Regular watering in dry periods will help prevent this. Signs of a whitish bloom on the leaves are also a consequence of the plant drying out, as it makes it more susceptible to powdery mildew, a fungal infection.

Holes in the leaves can often be a result of cabbage white caterpillars, but these do not generally cause major problems on brassicas grown for their 'root' such as swede. More of a problem is cabbage root fly, which burrows into roots on larger brassica crops. Protect plants from both pests with fine horticultural netting, suspended above the foliage, which will stop the butterfly stage from laying its eggs on the plant.

You can also help repel cabbage white butterflies and pests like cabbage whitefly by growing onions or nasturtiums next to brassica crops. This is known as companion planting – the smell of the onions will deter the whitefly, and cabbage white butterflies will lay their eggs on the nasturtium leaves instead of your crop.

Swede varieties to try

Swede ‘Brora’ – this non-bitter variety has creamy flesh and stores well.

• Buy Swede ‘Brora’ from Thompson & Morgan

Swede ‘Tweed’ – British bred, this variety has an attractive purple top and creamy flesh, and does well in poor soil.

• Buy Swede ‘Tweed’ from Thompson & Morgan

Swede ‘Gowrie’ – best for disease resistance, this purple variety has creamy flesh and is winter hardy.